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Strawberry foliar nematode
Strawberry foliar nematode is a disease common in strawberries and ornamental plants that can greatly affect plant yield and appearance, resulting in a loss of millions of dollars of revenue. Symptoms used to diagnose the disease are angular, water soaked lesions and necrotic blotches. ''Aphelenchoides fragariae'' is the nematode pathogen that causes the disease. Its biological cycle includes four life stages, three of which are juvenile. The nematode can undergo multiple life cycles in one growing season when favorable conditions are present. They can infect the crowns, runners, foliage, and new buds of the plant via stylet penetration or through the stomata. The best management practices for this disease are sanitation, prevention of induction of the pathogen to the environment, and planting clean seed or starter plants.
==Importance==
Foliar nematodes are an important plant pathogen to agricultural crops and ornamental plants in the United States, Canada, and Europe.〔Jagdale, G. B. (2002). Identification of alternatives for the management. Pest Management Science, 58(5), 451-458.〕 ''Aphelenchoides fragariae'' nematodes are found in over 200 plant host species,〔Davis, R. F. (2008, December 18). Plant Pathology: Extension: Plant Disease Library: Foliar Nematodes. Retrieved October 11, 2011, from The University of Georgia College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,: http://plantpath.caes.uga.edu/extension/nematodes/foliar.html〕 including crop species strawberry and alfalfa, and ornamental species ''Begonia, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Ficus, Hibiscus, Hosta, Viola,'' ferns, and ''Zinnia''.〔 Since 1991-1992, strawberry foliar nematode incidence numbers have been increasing in a variety of plants, but especially in strawberry and greenhouse plants such as ''Hosta''.〔Grabowski, M. (2011, September 19). AHS Foliar Nematode Policy Statement. Minnesota, USA: Minnesota Hosta Society. Retrieved October 17, 2011〕
There are several causes for the increasing problem of foliar nematodes in agriculture, greenhouse nurseries, and personal lawns, but there are no systemic nematicides available to growers due to the hazards they pose to people handling the plants. Advancements in plant breeding have enabled nurseries to produce more vegetative plants, which may cause infection of new plants via propagation from infected plants. Plants are also moved long distance to growers across the country and internationally, thus nematodes can easily spread to new areas where infection was previously not a problem.〔Hartman, J. (2006, July). Plant Pathology Fact Sheet: Foliar Nematodes of Ornamentals. Retrieved October 11, 2010, from University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service: http://www.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/ext_files/PPFShtml/PPFS-OR-H-3.pdf〕
Agriculturally, foliar nematode can be devastating to alfalfa and strawberry. Strawberry is a major crop in California where fruit production is valued over $523 million. Foliar nematodes reduce fruit and plant yield because they feed on the leaves, crowns, and flower buds of the strawberry plant.〔Qui, J., Westerdahl, B., Buchner, R., & Anderson, C. (1993). Ref inement of Hot Water Treatment for Management of. Journal of Nematology, 25(4), 795-799.〕 Ornamental plants are also a multi-million dollar industry in the United States, and foliar nematodes destroy these plants as well. In less severe cases of nematode infection, the appearance of the plant is affected by the symptoms of disease, which gives an undesirable appearance in ornamental plants. This reduces the value of the plant and makes most infected plants unmarketable.〔 It is difficult to quantitatively estimate the value of the amount of damage caused by nematodes because they are a persistent pathogen once they are introduced to the soil. However, in a multi-million dollar industry, any amount of yield loss could result in loss of millions of dollars’ worth of crop.
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